So I figured out a solution. First, I learned that the potentiometer can be replaced with a 0-5v PLC. This was key.
I wired 24VDC in to the ESC board and also to a Shelly 1/Gen 3 device. I connected 120VAC to a Shelly 0-10v dimmer.
The control inputs on the ESC are labeled 5V, Sign, Z/F, VN, and GND. Referencing the diagram above and other postings I found online, I then connected the O terminal on the Shelly 1 to Z/F and the I terminal on the Shelly to GND. This dry contact controls the rotation of the BLDC motor - either clockwise or counterclockwise depending on whether the dry contact is open or closed.
Then I connected the + terminal on the Shelly 0-10v dimmer to VN and the - terminal on the Shelly to GND. In the Shelly software, I set the max "brightness" for the dimmer to 50 and restarted the Shelly, as is required after this setting change. The dimmer within the app now controls on/off for the fan motor as well as the speed.
Now I can use other devices, remotes, wall switches, and scenes to control my fan, which previously arrived with a single remote and no other means to control the fan. It was a huge PIA to figure this out, but I am glad I did and hopefully someone else finds this helpful.